Rajya Sabha TV – Science Monitor (08 Nov 2014)

Weekly update on all the happening in Science & Technology, in and around the nation;

Headlines

1. Complete ban on fossil fuels required to combat climate change;

UN’s Intergovernmental panel IPCC – meeting at Copenhagen – IPCC – Released the 5^th Assessment report on Climate Change; complete ban on fossil fuel by the end of this century (Carbon emission increasing the global temperature); Investment in low-carbon electricity proposed; 1983-2012, the warmest 30 year period in last 1,400 years; Global poverty can be reduced only by stopping Global warming; coming decades, there may be 5 degree raise in the temperature in the pre-industries level by the end of this century; rise in investment in low carbon electricity, energy efficiency along with the technologies like carbon capture;  

2. Scientists develop novel super capacitor – using waste paper & leaves – CSIR NCL;

NCL – National Chemical Laboratory – CSIR – Pune based Lab; Note: Capacitor – small device – in electric circuits – to store energy using electric field – release energy quickly; Innovative project – Super capacitor- turns waste paper into a super-spongy battery – forms of porous carbon – suck of current quickly;

3. New vaccine developed against Dengue fever

Millions of Indian suffer from dengue every year – Pharma Giant SANOFI pasture – world’s first vaccine – it gives 95.5% protection against severe dengue – clinical study conducted over 31,000 participant across 10 countries;

4. Air Pollution adversely affects the productivity of crops

India also facing yield loss because of soot & ozone in air – In 2010 yield of wheat was up to 36% low – Uttar Pradesh & Uttarkhand – wheat yield falls by 50%; Wheat yield in Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Bihar & Jharkhand also greatly affected by Air pollution; Rice yield reduced in UP, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, WB;

5. Pulmonary hypertension – Lung disease – Uncontrolled cell division in blood vessel walls – thicken the vessel wall;
6. 7 New Species of Frogs discovered –WG & Srilanka - Professor, Delhi University
7. Diabetes… it causes & Cure (IN FOCUS)

Non-communicable epidemic – It is a metabolic with high blood sugar due to inadequate insulin level in the body - 80% of the world diabetes reported in India – Diabetic capital of the world – Changing Industrial climate of the world and rapid urbanization in recent years – introduced change in life style & practice – Diabetes – serious threat to life & longevity; Diabetes – 7^th leading cause of death by the year 2030 – awareness & precaution is very important; Nov 14 every year – World Diabetes Day – created in the year 1991 by International diabetes federation & WHO – theme for 2014-16 is “Healthy living and diabetes”;

Two major forms of diabetes:

·         Type 1 – lack of insulin production by Pancreas – Juvenile diabetes – early on set – age below 40 years – whole life the patient is subjected to insulin intake;

·         Type 2 – non  insulin dependent - when the body not able to use the insulin secreted to metabolize glucose;

·         Gestational Diabetes – during pregnancy

Diabetics prone to develop infections of the bladder and skin; fluctuation in the blood glucose level lead to blurred vision;

Symptoms:

·         Hyper glycaemia (elevated blood sugar level);

·         Frequent urge to urinate;

·         Intense thirst & hunger;

·         Unusual weight loss or weight gain;

·         Fatigue, sleeplessness, numbness, tingling sensation;

8. History of Science
1. American Astrophysicist Carl Sagan – born on 9^th Nov, 1934 – known for his TV series Cosmos – aimed at popularizing astrophysics among masses;
2. Maverick scientist Paracelsus – born on 11^th Nov, 1493 – known for making drugs & cures from chemicals – he stressed that medical experimentation must be based on observation;
3. NASA’s Mariner 9 – first interplanetary space voyager – entered the mars orbit in 13 Nov 1971;
4. Indian fossil scientist – Birbal Sahani – born on 14^th Nov 1891 – studied rare fossil from India & Neighboring countries;
9. S & T activities across India & Abroad – Science Express Segment
1. Mass awareness about Vitamin D deficiency (80% people in India) – Glenmark Pharma & AIIMS;
2.  NASA –Rapid Acquisition Spectrograph Experiment – images from active regions of the sun – to study solar flare & solar spots are created;
3. World Association of Zoos &  Aquarium – WAZA 2014;
4. Erach Barucha (Director of Bharati Vidya peeth University/Pune) – selected as Earth Hero – by RBS;
5. PM council on Climate change – coordinate the National Action plan – Assessment, Adaptation and mitigation of climate change;

Watch it here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Il6zCLAbYps&list=PLVOgwA_DiGzpd3_Iz7J-81Vh4QqU-ZGA9&index=20

Rajya Sabha TV – Science Monitor (10 Jan 2015)

Weekly update on all the happening in Science & Technology, in and around the nation;

Headlines

1. 102^nd Indian Science Congress started - Mumbai;

Prestigious event - Crucial role in deciding the scientific policy of India;

Technology must reach the poorest, remotest, most vulnerable people;

Chief Guest: UP Gov Ram Nayak – release the souvenir – Theme: S & T for Human Development;

(Note: Indian Science Association – first meet 1914 – Asiatic Society, Calcutta)

2. Cabinet approved India based Neutrino Observatory (INO) in Tamil Nadu;

First biggest basic science experimental project in the country – world class underground laboratory to be set up to study neutrinos – fundamental physics project - to be set up near pottipuram village in TN – Estimated budget of project 1500 crore rupees – project jointly supported by DAE & DST – infrastructure support by the Govt. of TN; Project consist of complex of cavern – main cavern with detector, iron calorie meter detector – to host experiments like – neutrino less double beta decay – search for dark matter; (Fundamental research on Neutrino which belong to the Lepton family)

3. Student of IIT madras – set to launch their own satellite;

Low earth orbit - Nano satellite under IITMSAT project – started in 2010 – to be launched by ISRO by 2015 or 2016 (MoU between IITM & ISRO) – high energy particle detector (from Van Allen Belt in upper ionosphere);

Note: Van Allen radiation belt. A radiation belt is a layer of energetic charged particles that is held in place around a magnetized planet, such as the Earth, by the planet's magnetic field. The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created.

4. Novel antibiotics to fight superbugs discovered;

To fight drug resistant bacteria – New antibiotics called Teixobactin – using a unique technique called iChip method -

5. 25 years of Hubble telescope – overview of the scientific journey;

It was launched in 1990 – over the past two decades - contributed to space research – named after renowned astronomer Edwin P. Hubble – observed more than 30,000 celestial objects since its launch;

Discoveries: Ring around supernova, intergalactic cloud –proto planetary disc – nebula, comet shoemaker levy collision with Jupiter, brown dwarf stars, deepest view of universe, universe expansion rate, understanding of the space; (Refer: Blue shift & Red Shift)    

6. Scientific challenges in the year 2015(IN FOCUS)

·         Large hadron collider of CERN to restart in March 2015 – aims to discover the origin of the universe

·         Environmental concern – 2014 – US & China – largest emitter of carbon di oxide – UN conference – Paris – Dec 2015;

·         Ebola – major health issue – incurable epidemic in west Africa  - Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia;

·         US Space probe Dawn expected to land on Ceres in March 2015; Note: Ceres is the largest dwarf planet between Mars & Jupiter; Refer: Asteriod Belt, Proto-Planet, Dwarf planet;

·         Four major contribution from India – expected in 2015

o   IRNSS – Indian GPS system;

o   TMT – world largest telescope – India’s 10% participation;

o   India’s contribution to the CMS experiment at CERN – IIT Madras full time participant;

o   India’s FBR to be active during 2015;

7. History of Science
1. First Indian to Space – Rakesh Sharma – born on 13 Jan 1949 – ISRO choose him for the USSR’s Inter-cosmos space programme;
2. First meeting of the Indiad Science Congress held on 15^th Jan 1914 – at Asiatic Society, Calcutta – Chief Guest: Ashtosh Mukherjee – VC of University of Calcutta;
3. American Zoologist Dian Fossey – born on 16^th Jan, 1932 – Book on her “Gorillas in the Mist”

Watch it here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o56EeC9518g&index=11&list=PLVOgwA_DiGzpd3_Iz7J-81Vh4QqU-ZGA9

Rajya Sabha TV – Science Monitor (03 Jan 2015)

Weekly update on all the happening in Science & Technology, in and around the nation;

Headlines

1. 102^nd Indian Science Congress started - Mumbai;

Theme of 2014 –“Science & Technology for Human Development”  - 1200 delegates to attend the event;

2. 22^nd National Children’s Science Congress –concluded in Bangalore;

Theme “Understanding the weather” 

3. Centre Invites studies of 20 major river basins;

Impact of climate change on water system – National water Mission invites proposals - studies are expected to be commissioned shortly – six IITs & IISc will be involved in the project – Government plans to start a new scientific study on Rivers – down scale global climate model – study would provide valuable data/input to the policy decision & adaptation measures; Mission MoU with NIRD;  

Five goals of National Water Mission:

·         Focuses on the critical areas like depleting ground water – Aquifer mapping;

·         Flood management with focus of way to structural measures – building embankments

·         Working with Communities – Preparedness measure;

·         Comprehensive data base – water resources information system- in partnership with National Remote Sensing Agency; 

4. Reason found behind Taj’s browning;

Discoloring is due to the change in reflectant which inturn influenced by the particulate matters carbon & dust; Identified carbon & fine dust particles present in the atmosphere; Carbon Particulates of two type – (1) Black carbon and Light absorbing Organic carbon is very sticky – cause of discoloring/ browning;

5. Marine debris damaging coral reefs – study by NIOS Niational Institute of Ocean Science;
6. Significant achievements of Indian Science in 2014 (IN FOCUS)

·         2014 progressive year for India in terms of Science & Technology

·         ISRO launched Geostationary satellite, GSAT-14 – through GSLV-D5 launch Vehicle;

·         Strengthening Defence application – tested Prithvi II & launched AGNI IV missile;

·         India certified as polio-free on 11^th Feb 2014 by WHO; (Refer: Pulse Polio 1995-96) - Feb 2014 – Universal Health care – Polio eradication – completed three years without reporting any polio cases;

·         Field trails of 10 Genetically Modified crops reapproved – Rice, wheat, maize, cotton & sorghum approved for field trials.

·         IRNSS comprised of 7-satellite constellations – accurate position information services within the country and up to 1500km from country’s boundary line;

·         30^th June – PSLV –C23 – carried French earth observation satellite SPOT 7, German’s 14kg ISAT satellite, Canada’s satellite and satellite of Singapore;

·         June 2014 – Major Atmospheric Cerenkov experiment - MACE – Second largest gamma ray telescope in the world (Note 1: Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope or MACE Hanle, is the world's largest telescope at the highest altitude being established at Hanle, Ladakh. It is being built by ECIL, Hyderabad for BARC. It will help to explore the exciting energy range of gamma ray energy region in between satellite and the traditional Atmospheric Cerenkov experiments.) (Note 2: High energy gamma rays emitted from black hole or centers of galaxies, compact objects like pulsars  in our galaxy get absorbed in the atmosphere and do not reach the land. But when these rays interact with the atmosphere, the photons give rise to electron–positron pairs and there is a cascade of particles. When the particles move in the atmosphere at very high speed, they give rise to Cerenkov radiation. The blue and ultraviolet Cerenkov light is observed to infer the number of gamma rays hitting the atmosphere.)(Note 3: Advantage of High Altitude - A smaller facility in such place will be sufficient to achieve what a bigger facility will do closer to sea level. Telescopes of HAGAR were fabricated in Bangalore and the detectors in the focal plane were built in TFIR laboratories at Mumbai.)

·         Special (R.I.P)

o   Feb 6^th – Alison Jolly – Primatologist – studies of lemur biology;

o   March 1 – Alexandro Zaffaroni – Biotechnology companies in silicon valley – birth control  pills;

o   May 4^th Jean claude Bradley – Open Notebook Science logos ;

o   May 10 - Dr. Andres Carrasco – challenge pesticide regulators to reexamine one of the world most widely used;

o   …….. for more
http://www.theguardian.com/science/science+tone/obituaries 

7. History of Science
1. Swedish scientist Rolf Martin Zinkernagel – born on 6^th Jan 1944 – Nobel Laureate – discovered the immune system based on T-cells along with Peter Doherty; (Note: Killer T-cells)
2. Gerald M Durrel  - born on 7^th Jan 1902 – English naturalist – encouraged conservation of endangered species & captive breeding;
3. Physicist Stephen William Hawking – born on 8^th Jan 1942 – Developed Bekenstein Hawking Radiation principle – (Radiation from Black hole – quantum effect of gravitational force);
4. Dr Hargobin Khurana – born on 9^th Jan 1922 – American Biochemist of Indian Origin – RNA & genetic code  - Nobel prize in 1969;

Watch it here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtLTaGUC5vc&index=11&list=PLVOgwA_DiGzpd3_Iz7J-81Vh4QqU-ZGA9

Rajya Sabha TV – Science Monitor (27 Dec 2014)

Weekly update on all the happening in Science & Technology, in and around the nation;

Headlines

1. DC light technique – developed by IIT Madras– to end power cut worries;

IIT M developed a Decentralized solar-DC system – under Green Office & Apartments (GOA) project - Works without inverter – 24 hours power backup – Energy efficient – Green Building – Trap solar energy & to store it as DC energy; Working: Solar Energy – DC energy – is fed in to a DC line to the power energy-efficient electronics – The single unit is sufficient to power 24 houses – efficient & inexpensive solution for power shortage; Ex: fans in AC consume 72 watts whereas in DC it consume only 30 watts;

2. Conference on Structural Engineering Convention– aimed at disaster/earthquake resilient buildings – IIT Delhi;

Focus on making old buildings conform to the new standards – structural engineering important for making efficient buildings; convention aimed at low cost building technique, damage detecting, Hazard resilient, health monitoring of buildings;

3. 100% Bio-fuel for aviation use – successful at IIP Dehradun;

CSIR – IIP developed a novel technique for the production of new type of Bio-fuel; Waste oil & hydrogen converted into renewable aviation fuel – technology based on an unique single step process ( de-oxygenation & selective cracking-Isomerization- high pressure hydro-cracker Refinery) – used for agricultural, transport & refining industries; Technology patented and transferred to BPCL-KRL; three type of fuel: zero sulphur fuel for ‘fuel cell’ application,  High certain bio aviation fuel, Zero carbon emission over complete cycle;  Renewable Diesel & Naptha are bi-product;

Processed Jatropha, Bio-Jet, Bio-Gasoline, Green Diesel, Aviation fuel

4. Kepler discovers a new exoplanet – super-earth – 180 light years away from the earth;
5. Nearly 2.7 lakh tonnes plastic floating in water/ocean – Study report PLOS One;
6. Significant Achievements of Science & Scientists in 2014 (IN FOCUS)

·         August 2014 – NASA – Curiosity rover – 2^nd anniversary – Gale crater Mars;

·         Sep 2014 – Google Science Fair 2014 – Project Natural Bacteria combating world hunger;

·         Sep 2014 – Genetic engineering of the protein Rubisco -  The enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, most commonly known by the shorter name RuBisCO or just rubisco is used in the Calvin cycle to catalyze the first major step of carbon fixation.

·         Oct 2014 - Lockheed martin developed a new type of small reactors – major breakthrough in nuclear energy;

·         Nov 2014 - Philae successfully landed on the surface of comet 67P;

·         Female angle fish – black sea devil;

·         Dec 2014 – oldest DNA identification – 2012 – 15^th century monarch – Genetic evidence;

7. History of Science
1. On 30^th Dec 1975 – India’s first oceanographic research vessel- kavesini-got its official recognition – helped in monitoring oil pollution & finding mineral deposits;
2. On 1^st Jan 1894 born - Theoritical physicist Satyendra Nath Bose – developed theory of Bose-Einstein Condensate - ;
3. On 3^rd Jan 1919 – an element converted into another for the first time – Rutherford converted Nitrogen into Oxygen –Alpha radiation;
8. S & T activities across India & Abroad – Science Express Segment
1. TN Biodiversity Conservation & Green Project – identify threatened species in the forest;
2. Union minister Harsha Wardhan – Disaster Alert system – part of Digital India campaign;
3. IIT Madras – Novel Biotechnology incubator – started with the assistance of BIRAC (Biotech Industrial Research Assistance Council) ;

Watch it here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_YqzOMEzRo&list=PLVOgwA_DiGzpd3_Iz7J-81Vh4QqU-ZGA9&index=11

Rajya Sabha TV – Science Monitor (20 Dec 2014)

Transcription of Rajya Sabha TV Science Monitor

Weekly update on all the happening in Science & Technology, in and around the nation;

Headlines

1. ISRO successfully tests its GSLV Mk III X

GSLV Mk III – three stages – an indigenous advanced launch vehicle – along with this also ISRO tested the Crew module; Carried a Non-functional cryogenic upper stage; Machine also known as LVM3 sub-orbital experiment machine – intended to test Performance of GSLV Mk III during critical atmospheric phase; Crew module – CARE- atmospheric re-entry experiment;

2. Massive oil spill in Sunderban (World largest mangrove forest) area of Bangladesh;

Southern Star 7 – Oil tanker vehicle – Around 77k gallons of oil spilled into the waters – oil spill already covered 80kms & is spreading further - oil spill to adversely affect marine ecosystem – Sunderban – world largest mangrove forest – sanctuary for numerous rare animals & plants;  

Source of oil spill?

Spill occurs due to drilling rigs, offshore oil platforms and well; also from vehicle, vessel or pipelines;  spill occurs due to drilling rigs, offshore oil platforms and well;

Effect of oil spill- species – food chain?

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/effects-of-oil-spills.php

Choke animal to death, fur & plumage of the animals ( Vulnerable to hypothermia) – make it harder to float in the water or regulate their body temperatures, toxic content of the oil, animal become blind due to repeated exposure to the oil, loss of natural body scent; oil sometimes clogs the blow holes of whales and dolphins, making it impossible for the animals to breathe properly and disrupting their ability to communicate; affect breeding ground, affect food chain;

Cleaning of oil spills?

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/cleaning-oil-spill.htm

Note: Containment & Skimming suck or scoop the oil from water – Sorbents (large sponges that absorb oil from the water), in situ burning, oil spills in tropical areas can be handled with dispersants (Chemical – breakdown oil – much quickly), employ biological agents –microorganism  which breakdown oil into natural components like fatty acids & carbon dioxide, Oil cleanup agencies use floating dummies and balloons to scare wildlife away from spill areas;

3. Carcinogens present in mosquito coils toxic to lungs;
4. Nine new species of tiny bush frogs discovered in Western Ghats;

Refer: NCBS (National centre for Biological Science)

5. Gutka ban helped many kick the habit;

Banned in 7 states: Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, MP, Maha, Odisha;

6. Rashtriya Vigyan Chalchitra Mela (RVCM) – 5^th National science film festival & competition 2015 – Screening Feb 2015 – Regional Science City - Lucknow;
7. Significant Achievements of Science & Scientists in 2014 (IN FOCUS)

·         UN declared the year 2014 as International year of Family farming & Crystallography.

·         Jan 2014 - Hubble Telescope captured deepest image of a galaxy cluster.

·         Feb 2014 - New Bionic Hand developed that could restore the sense of touch.

·         March 2014 - Scientists announced the discovery of gravitational waves.

·         Biseptive telescope – expanding universe – CMB

·         April 2014 – Kepler – spotted Earth’s Cousin Planet.

·         May 2014 – Break through study – measles vaccine – cancer theraphy – by intravenous injection of virus.

·         June 2014 - Novel self-repair technique of Teeth – non-invasive - painless;

·          July 2014 – Semi-conductor factory in to Farm;

8. History of Science
1. Srinivasa Ramanujan – Born 22^nd Dec 1887 – First Indian to be elected as the fellow of Trinity college – Formulated approx. 120 theorems & mathematical formulae;
2. English Physicist James Prescott Joule – Born on 24 Dec 1818 – interrelation between heat energy & mechanical work down – Principle of conservation of energy; SI unit of Energy Joule.
3. English Scientist Issac Newton- Born on 25 Dec 1642 – Gravity, Gravitational force, Three laws of Motion, Prism experiment; world’s first reflecting telescope was invented by him;
4. French Chemist & Microbiologist Louis Pasteur – Born on 27 Dec 1822 – Discovered Pasteurization process, Developed first vaccine against rabies (Concept of Immunization);
9. S & T activities across India & Abroad – Science Express Segment
1. Genetic Study – Horse Domestication - ;
2. US NOAA – warns - world is heading towards warmest years;
3. National Institution of Oceanography – Workshop – climate change impact of ocean& marine life;
4. Maven mission – Mars loss atmosphere – comprehensive composition of mar’s upper atmosphere & ionosphere;
5. Curiosity – detected organic molecules in gale crater – Mars;

Watch it here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tpTHJ966fs&index=12&list=PLVOgwA_DiGzpd3_Iz7J-81Vh4QqU-ZGA9

GS3 - Mains question for UPSC 2015

1.Reforming FCI & its function is crucial to ensure food security & to reduce subsidy bill in India. In this regard, critically examine the present loopholes, required reform & the measure taken to revamp FCI? (GS 3)

Reference

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2.Mangalyaan is a milestone in India's Space Technology. What makes ISRO unique in its space endeavors. Will it get India more power & prestige across the globe? (GS 3)

Reference:

http://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?24718/Reaching+for+the+stars+through+Mangalyaan

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3.Land Reforms since British-Era pose more problems than solution. Critically Examine. How it can be linked to the issues of Red corridor. (GS3) 

Reference:

http://infochangeindia.org/livelihoods/analysis/land-reform-more-problems-than-solutions.html

http://forumias.com/discussion/806/way-to-improve-writing-skills-milestone-to-success-/p8

http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam_oct08_naxalite.pdf

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4.Neutrino experiment is in news frequently. What is it’s significance? What will be the India-based Neutrino Observatory's impact? (GS3)

Reference:

http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-will-be-the-indiabased-neutrino-observatorys-impact/article6764398.ece

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5.What is net neutrality? Why it is important? (GS3)

Reference:

http://seekingalpha.com/article/3008796-telecom-growth-vs-net-neutrality

http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/02/24/net-neutrality-what-is-it-guide/23237737/

http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/what-is-net-neutrality/article6940272.ece

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6.How Online Taxicab Operates? What are the safety mechanism built in this system? In the light to recent issues, examine whether complete ban on such transport system ensure safety to women in India? (GS3)

Reference:

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/why-banning-uber-and-other-such-apps-is-not-the-solution/articleshow/45466094.cms

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GS2 - Mains Question for UPSC 2015

1.Policy paralysis catapult Reform to Save India. Discuss. (GS2)

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2.What do you understand by the concept of the 'Freedom of speech & expression'? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss (GS 2)

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3.Universal Health Assurance Mission priorities the public Health system,what are the missing link in the universal Health coverage in India. Examine (GS2)

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4.Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate huger & malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (GS2)

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5.The World Bank & the IMF, Collectively known as the Brettonwood Institutions, are the two Inter-Governmental pillars supporting the structure of world’s economic & financial order. Superficially, the world bank & IMF exhibit many common characteristic, yet their role, function & mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate (GS2)

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6.Do you think the Superficial emission cut commitment of US & China pressurize India. What would be the Post-Kyoto (SDG) Goals in the upcoming paris climate summit? What India can expect? (GS2)

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7.India's Energy Reforms are credit positive for the soverign Oil & Gas companies. Discuss with PAHAL DBT and How it would Benefit the LPG Users? (GS2)

Reference:

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/power-sector-reforms-gridlocked/article6360802.ece

http://ap.loksatta.org/documents/advocacy/energy.pdf

http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/second-phase-of-pahal-dbtl-scheme-to-be-launched-in-gujarat-today-114123101124_1.html

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8.Indian Railways is the world longest network, but its operation ratio remains above 90%. Despite of adding subsidy burden to the exchequer, its performance is not appreciable. Suggest some measure for the effective improvisation of the Railways in India. (GS2)

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