Economic Survey 2018-19 For UPSC Aspirants

Lecture by Mr. Sivakumar, Faculty, Kamaraj IAS Academy, Chennai

Agriculture

1. Government Intervention in Agricultural Sector and Growth in India

• Phase 1 (1951 - 65) - Five year plan and Food Security
• Phase 2 (1965 -91) -Regulation of the Sector (i.e. Agriculture Pricing Policy 1965)
• Phase 3 (1991 - till) Deregulation (especially post-2007)

2. Problems of Commercialization of Agriculture?

3. Deregulation of Agriculture sector

• Reforms in APMC Act (Agriculture Produce Marketing)
• Restructuring Food Corporation of India (FCI) - ShanthaKumar Committee (2015)
• National Food Security Act and Public Distribution System (PDS)
• Development of Food Processing Industries.
• FDI in Multi-Brand Retail Sector (70% Products are Agriculture Produce)
• Doubling of Farmer's Income by 2022
• e-NAM (National Agricultural Market)
• Application of ICT in Resource-Efficient Sustainable Agriculture.
• Improvement and Focus on Non-Farm Income for Small-Holding Farmers.

4. Farm Inputs and Agriculture Methods: Infusion of Science and Technology

Tradition -> Modern -> Post-Modern

5. Strategies for Doubling Farm Income by 2022

• Revenue Efficiency: Small Holder Agriculture (85%)
• Improvement in Crop Productivity
• Improvement in Livestock Productivity
• Resource Use Efficiency (esp. Water)
• Increase in Cropping Intensity
• Diversification towards High-Value Crops.
• Improvement in Real prices (Market Reform, eliminating Middleman)
• Shift from Farm - to Non-Farm Activities (Fisheries, Diary, Livestock)
• Contract Farming (Model Act)
• Agriculture leasing system.
• GRAMIN Haats (Centres of Aggregation of Farm Commodities)
• e-NAM
• Soil Health Cards (Rationalize Chemical Fertilizer usage)
• Water Efficient Usage System
• Crop Insurance Scheme (PM Fasal Bima Yojan)
• Interest Subvention for Farmers (upto 5%)
• Kisan Credit Cards to engage in Animal Husbandry and Fisheries.
• MSP at 1.5 times the cost of production.

6. Focus in Agriculture: Shift

• Land Productivity - > Resource Efficient usage.
• Procurement Support System -> Micro-Irrigation supported cropping pattern.
• Saving in Energy and Fertilizer Consumption - 40-50%
• Cropping Pattern in India
• Highly skewed towards crops that are water intensive (Paddy & Sugarcane)
• It consume more that 60% of Irrigation Water available.
• Implicit Subsidy and Explicit Subsidy
• By 2050: India to be Global Hot spot for Water Insecurity
• Efficient usage of fertilizers and Pesticides
• Increased usage of Fertilizer since 2002
• Fertilizer consumption gradually declining trend since 2011
• Rationalization of Fertilizer usage and switching own to Organic Farming.
• Fertilizer Response Trend: Declining trend - It is an indicator of Declining Responsiveness of Soil Fertility to Fertilizer Application.
• Reason? Inadequate & Imbalance in usage, Multi-Nutrient Deficiency, Lack of Farmer Awareness, Poor Crop Management.
• Fertilizer Efficient Usage: Optimal dose based on Soil Health Status, Promotion of Neem-coated Urea, Promotion of Micro-Nutrient, Promotion of Water-Soluble Fertilizers.
• Increasing Sustainability in Agriculture (Organic & Natural Farming)
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
• Pram Paragat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
• Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOV CDNER)
• PKVY Scheme 2018 Guidelines: Various Organic Farming Models - State can adopt any one form of Farming
• Natural Farming
• Vedic Farming
• Cow Farming
• Homa Farming
• ZBNF (Zero Based Natural Farming) - 1, 63, 034 Farmed engaged in this method.
• Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra are leading states
• Adopting Appropriate Technologies
• Custom Hiring Centres  (CHC)- promote use of High-Tech Machinery - Mechanization for Small and Medium Farmers - Hilly and Difficult Terrain.
• From 2014-15  to 2017 -18, Total of 8162 CHCs are established under the sub-mission (Mechanization of Agriculture)
• Implementation of ICTs - Optimization of Resource use Efficiency - among Small 
• Mobile Phone, Soil Health, Weather, Market Access, Storage Facilities, Financial Inclusion, Early Warning Systems, etcetera.
• AMFFRI (Agricultural Marketing and Farmer Friendly Reforms Index)
• launched by NITI Aayog (in 2016)
• Index to Rank States and UTs on implementation of 7 provisions proposed under Model APMC Act.
• e-NAM initiative, Special Treatment to Fruit and Vegetables for Marketing, Levels of Taxes in Mandis.
• Three Indicator:
1. Ease of Doing Business: Competitiveness, Efficiency and Transparency of Agri-Market.
2. Facilitation and Liberalization of Land Lease (Refer: Model Contract Farming Act: https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/explained-draft-model-contract-farming-act-2018?page=3)
3. Freedom given to farmers felling and Transit of trees grown on private land.
• Score (0 to 100 Scale)
• Maharashtra(80) > Gujarat(71.5) > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh.
• Schemes to Improve livestock and Dairy Productivity
• Rashtriya Gokul Mission
• E-Pashu Haat Portal
• National Livestock Mission
• Livestock Health and Disease control Scheme
• Dairy Development
• Agriculture Allied: Fisheries Sector
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF): total Fund of Rs.7,522.48 Crore.
• Draft NIFAP 2019( National Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy 2019)
• Refer: https://www.prsindia.org/report-summaries/development-inland-fisheries-and-aquaculture
• Land Reforms (Pre-1951 and Post reform Period)
• Suggestion in Economic Survey (2012-13)
• To map land carefully and assign conclusive title.
• NLRMP 2008 (National Land Records Modernization Programme)
• Presumptive title and Conclusive title.
• Digitization and reduce land transaction cost.
• To facilitate land leasing.
• Widespread prohibition of land leasing
• Rural-Urban Migration
• Feminization of Agriculture, Disguished Unemployment
• Facility for Landless Farmers.
• Education, Skill Development, Industrialization.
• Lnad Ownership and Long-Term Tenancy (Leasing Market).
• To create fair and speedy process of land acquisition of public purpose
• Large projects with a public purpose
• Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill 2011
• NIMZ (National Industrial and Manufacturing Zone) and Industrial Corridors part of National Manufacturing Policy (NMP 2012 -Targets to create 100 Million jobs by 2022)
• Need for Economic Growth
• Cost of Rehabilitation and Resettlement.
• High Level Committee: Restructuring FCI (Food Corporation of India)
• Shantha Kumar Committee 2014 (Refer: https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114860)
• To improve operational efficiency and financial management.
• Procurement - Decentralized System
• PDS & NFSA
• Stock and Movment
• Buffer Stocking and Liquidation Policy
• Food Security, Welfare Obligation
• Open Market Sale to check Inflation.
• WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AOA): Public Procurement (Peace Clause), Market Access to Indian Agriculture Sector, Deregulation of Agriculture System.

Watch the Full Lecture....

Part II - Lecture on Economic Survey 2018-19

To be updated.....

General Paper on Teaching and Research Aptitude

UGC NET (University Grants Commission - National Eligibility Test) 2019 - 2020

Syllabus for Paper I

General Paper on Teaching and Research Aptitude

1. Teaching Aptitude

• Teaching: Nature, Objectives, Characteristics and Basic Requirements.
• Learner's Characteristics.
• Factors affecting Teaching.
• Methods of Teaching.
• Teaching Aids.
• Evaluation Systems.

Study Material: https://www.academia.edu/37816986/Teaching_Aptitude

2. Research Aptitude

• Research: Meaning, Characteristics and Types.
• Steps of Research.
• Methods of Research.
• Research Ethics.
• Paper, Articles, Workshop, Seminar, Conference and Symposium.
• Thesis Writing: Its Characteristics and Format.

Study Material (Research): http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/11204

Study Material (Method of Research): http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/4815

Study Material (Data Presentation) : http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/4814

Study Material (Ethics in Research): http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3949/1/MWG-005B1E-U4.pdf

3. Reading Comprehension

• Answer the Question from the Passage.

4. Communication

• Communication: Nature, Characteristics, Types, Barriers and Effective Classroom Communication.

Study Material: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/7153/1/Unit-1.pdf

5. Reasoning

• Number series, Letter series, Codes

• Relationship, Classification.

6. Logical Reasoning

• Understanding the structure of Argument. 
•  Evaluating and distinguishing Deductive and Inductive Reasoning.
• Verbal Analogies: Word Analogy - Applied Analogy

• Reasoning Logical Diagrams: Simple Diagrammatic Relationship, Multi Diagrammatic Relationship.
• Venn Diagram: Analytical Reasoning 

7. Data Interpretation

• Sources, Acquisition and Interpretation of Data.
• Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
• Graphical Representation and Mapping of Data 

8. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

• ICT: Meaning, Advantages, Disadvantages and Uses.
• General Abbreviation and Terminology
• Basics of Internet and E-Mailing

Study Material: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/8520/1/Unit-12.pdf

Study Material:

9. People and Environment

• People and Environment Interaction.
• Sources of Pollution.
• Pollutants and their impact on Human Life, Exploitation of Natural and Energy Resources.
• Natural hazards and Mitigation.

Study Material: http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/3941

10. Higher Education System: Governance, Polity and Administration.

• Structure of the Institutions for Higher Learning and Research in India.
• Formal and Distance Education.
• Professional/Technical and General Education.
• Value Education.
• Governance, Polity and Administration: Concept, Institutions and their Interactions.

Study Material: http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/3103

Refer:

UGC NET Syllabus

https://www.ugcnetonline.in/NTA_All_R_Syllabus/00-Paper-I/Paper-I_English.pdf 

Ambitious Target of Making India Great

THE ROAD MAP FOR MAKING INDIA GREAT: WHERE IS THE THEORY OF CHANGE, ARTICULATING THE VARIOUS CASUAL LINKS ?

1. Ambitious Target $5 Trillion Economy.

2. Make in India special emphasis on MSME.

3. Internationalization of Rupee.

4. Doubling Farm Income, Agriculture Insurance, Income support (PM-KISAN)

Considering Fiscal Status of India, Road Map suggested by Prof. Anand Gupta, Former Professor, IIMA

1. Net Tax Revenue dropped to 6.99%(2018-19) from 7.28%(2017-18). It lagged behind the growth in India's GDP.

2. Privatization of Public Enterprises: Disinvestment of PSU to raise more resources.

Least Efficient use of our own Capital.

3. Raising Fiscal Deficit Target by 3% more than now with condition that improved Public Finance Management.

Public spending & Macro-economic situation is not linear. Putting Public Money in,

(i) Public Goods with Positive Externalities.

(ii) Private Goods to certain people on Equity ground.

4. Improving the Accuracy, Credibility, Currentness of DATA such as Growth, Fiscal Deficit, etc

5. Promote domestic manufacturing by removing the cost disadvantages (eg. Higher Freight charge, Power tariff etc)

6. Transforming India's Higher Education 

7. Correcting the failure of UDAY (Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana 2015) to improve operational and financial efficiency of state power distribution companies.

Problem of Power theft, Man-oeuvre of equipment, under reporting and lack of stringent action. Linking Theory of Change to the causal factors.

8. Swachch Bharat Abhiyan (9.6 Cr Toilets since October 2014 - ensuring Open Defecation Free) - Reduce Deaths due to diarrhoea, malaria, Improve child health and Nutrition. 

#MHRD Online Free Education #Swayam
#Economics #ARPIT

Think about it:
1. Possibility for India to achieve $5 Trillion Economy target?
2. Ethics in Governance and Ethics of Governance. Which is wider?
3. Aligning Self-Interest of Policy Maker with that of Interest of the Nation.